Even though in diabetes, and especially in type 2 diabetics, the level of blood sugar usually reaches higher than required ranges that we can see in a healthy person, the body still needs its sugar to work. Sugar or in medical terms glucose has a vital role of a source of body energy. Human body is not able to produce glucose itself and therefore the body cells are dependent on its supplies to survive.
Glucose is supplied into the body from the diet we consume, where it is usually present in the form of complex carbohydrates or simple sugars and is digested by enzymes and transported into the blood stream in the form of a simple compound of glucose. Once in the blood stream glucose is transported throughout the body and carried towards the cells that need it. However glucose can only enter the cell through the glucose gates, which have to be open. Insulin acts as a key for these glucose gates and has the ability to open glucose gates and thus allowing glucose to enter into the cell.
Therefore after each meal the level of blood glucose rises as the glucose is transported from the food into the blood stream, and the cells can be supplied by adequate amounts of energy. However, in the emergency situations, when the body needs immediate supply of glucose, such as during exercise, or increased physical and/or mental activity; or during prolonged periods of fasting, the body utilizes glucose from its stores in liver and muscles, where glucose that was supplied from the diet but was not used by the cells, is stored in the form of glycogen. Glycogen is a complex compound of glucose molecules. The process of converting the glycogen into glucose is called gluconeogenesis, which can be translated as making new glucose. Therefore, the body is always prepared for emergency situations.
From the above you can see how crucial glucose is for the human body, and its organs that are dependent on glucose supplies. Probably the most vital is the brain, where it is absolutely necessary that the brain cells have always enough glucose to function and survive, because all the major and vital functions of the body are directed by the brain. If for some reason the brain glucose requirements are not met, the function of the brain will be affected and with it the rest of the body.
In diabetics the levels of high blood sugar therefore does not necessarily mean that the cells are getting adequate supply of the glucose due to either absence of insulin (in type 1 diabetes) or lower insulin production or insulin resistance (in type 2 diabetes). The insulin acts as an opening key to the glucose gates enabling glucose to enter the cell.
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